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2.1 Natural sources of atmospheric pollution<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n
2.1.1 Volcanic eruptions<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n
There are volcanoes on every continent, even Antarctica. Today, there are thought to be about 1,500 active volcanoes. [1] Approximately one billion people live near active volcanoes. [2] Triggering volcanic activity, when it erupts, huge amounts of poisonous gases are released. These atmospheric pollutants have harmful effects on the health of both the local population and many others, as they can be spread thousands of kilometres from the source. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"65162dd9-c459-433b-8d88-dcbb3367fa06"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":true,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-63e669f07a006.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":568,"height":418}},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"d49d4779-979f-4de0-8cfb-831506ab4fb4"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"\n
During a volcanic eruption, hot molten rock called magma comes out of an opening or crater in the Earth's surface or crust. The temperature of the lava that comes out of the crater during an eruption is from 700 to 1200\u00b0C.[4] During the eruption, small particles are released into the atmosphere - volcanic dust\/volcanic ash, which can be carried by the wind over long distances. This volcanic ash is not highly toxic, but it has negative effects on risk groups such as young children, the elderly and people with respiratory diseases. In addition, it has negative effects on grazing animals, drinking water and waste water treatment facilities, causing blockages in the equipment. [5]<\/span><\/p>\n\n
Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of greenhouse gases and other aerosols into the atmosphere: [6]<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
water vapor (H\u20820)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
carbon monoxide (CO)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
sulphur dioxide (SO\u2082)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
hydrogen sulphide (H\u2082S)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
carbon monoxide (CO)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
hydrogen chloride (HCl)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
hydrogen fluoride (HF)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
methane (CH4)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Water vapor and sulfur dioxide are converted into sulphate aerosols, which contain 75% sulfuric acid [7], which, in addition to causing air pollution, is also one of the components of acid rain. The amounts of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide that are released into the atmosphere for a single eruption are enormous and, in some cases, can be compared to atmospheric pollution due to anthropogenic activities equivalent to 250 years. [8] Although volcanic activity lasts up to days Airborne emissions can have harmful and long-lasting effects on the environment and living organisms over periods of years. [9] In addition, volcanic eruptions affect the climate: [10]<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
The released sulphur dioxide gases can cause global cooling because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb terrestrial radiation and scatter a significant amount of solar radiation. The cooling caused by them can last for two to three years after a volcanic eruption.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
The eruption of the Lakki volcano in Iceland in 1783 caused the release of 120 million tons of sulphur dioxide, which caused Europe and North America to cool by \u22121.3\u00b0C over a period of 2\u20133 years. [11]<\/span><\/p>\n\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"28be53b9-617e-471f-b0c6-774457892f06"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/WxW3Ew0T3hU","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"},"subContentId":"aa6013c8-c4d2-4356-9680-44e0993691a0"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"\n
2.1.2 Wildfires<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n
<\/h3>\n\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"68775da0-e614-455f-881b-841c2b163e99"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":true,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-63e66a53a84b8.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":640,"height":389}},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"63a565b3-6ef1-49fd-910f-d4c5ebe0acad"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Forest fires are unplanned fires that grow in the surrounding environment in habitats such as forests, grasslands and others. They are often caused by:<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
human activity - disposal of waste, such as glass, and other materials that act as a magnifying glass when heated by the sun's rays and cause fire, in campfires left unattended, use and malfunctions in camping equipment, carelessly discarded cigarettes or deliberate fires. [12]<\/span><\/li>\n\t
natural phenomena such as lightning<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Under certain conditions, such as droughts and high winds, the risk of forest fires is higher. Due to the burning of organic material (mostly plant biomass) as a result of forest fires, a large number of atmospheric pollutants is released:[13]<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
carbon monoxide (CO)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
carbon dioxide (CO2)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
fine particulate matter (PM)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
black carbon<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Precursors [14] of ozone [15]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Particulate pollution is the main component of wildfire smoke and represents the main threat to human health. These pollutants may contain various components such as sulfuric acid, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, sodium chloride, organic chemicals, soot, soil slag, soot, metals, and biological material such as pollen and mold spores. [16]
\nEmissions of the listed atmospheric pollutants affect radiation, clouds and climate on a regional and even global scale. Direct emissions of these pollutants can affect firefighters and local residents. In addition, when open forest fires occur, smoke can rise into the stratosphere and cause pollution in places located hundreds of kilometres from the place of occurrence of the fire. [17]
\nIn addition to having a harmful effect on the health of the forest, the emissions released into the atmosphere as a result of forest fires also have negative effects on the environment:<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Contribute to the strengthening of the greenhouse effect - for the last 20 years, forest fires have released 8 billion tons of CO2 every year, which represents 5-10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. [18] With this, they contribute to global climate warming.<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Lead to habitat loss, making it easier for mobile animals to find new, suitable places for shelter and food<\/span><\/li>\n\t
They reduce flood fertility - ash destroys much of the nutrients and erodes the soil, which can cause floods and landslides in the future. [19]<\/span><\/li>\n\t
They cause thinning of the ozone layer - rising into the stratosphere, the acidic components of the smoke react with chlorine, nitrogen and hydrogen, which contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer for the period in which the smoke disappears from the stratosphere. [20]<\/span><\/li>\n\t
As the rains fall, it has an extremely adverse effect on aquatic ecosystems [21]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"212e9d90-e60c-4cb3-9084-1510d3f0d98c"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bauaoxSe0i8","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"},"subContentId":"318799aa-bffb-468d-8d58-3f5d752e4344"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"\n
2.1.3 Sandstorms<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"98d324e8-9240-463e-a043-20b716bede29"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":true,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-63e66ac7aa714.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":449,"height":326}},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"1151f586-af39-4ff2-aeea-88671434ac26"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"\n
Sand and dust storms are common weather phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions. They are caused by thunderstorms and strong winds. Thus, large amounts of sand and dust from bare, dry soils rise into the air. The transport of these particles can be up to thousands of kilometres along with the air masses. The places where this happens are the arid regions of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia and China. Comparatively Australia, America and South Africa. [22]
\nAbout 40% of aerosols in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere) are dust particles from wind erosion. The types of atmospheric pollutants that make up sandstorms are:<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Carbon Monoxide (CO)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Ozone (O3)<\/span><\/li>\n\t
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Sandblasts cause increased land desertification and soil acidification, while reducing water supplies and hampering the operation of renewable energy sources. [23] They negatively affect:[24]<\/span><\/p>\n\n
\n\t
agriculture<\/span><\/li>\n\t
human health<\/span><\/li>\n\t
industry<\/span><\/li>\n\t
transport<\/span><\/li>\n\t
water and air quality<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
Their impact may be increased by climate change, drought in some areas, land degradation and unsustainable management of land and water resources. [25]<\/span><\/p>\n\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"1e69bd41-6526-4d65-b5ac-968c893bb927"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
2.1.4 Biological processes<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"72b8a071-43f9-4c74-8053-725d0704cf80"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"decorative":true,"contentName":"Image","file":{"path":"images\/file-63e66b11b333f.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","copyright":{"license":"U"},"width":639,"height":480}},"library":"H5P.Image 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Image","license":"U","title":"Untitled Image"},"subContentId":"bfba36d5-ee87-42d3-9cee-8f807d0ae202"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"text":"
Some biological processes also cause air pollution. Animal digestion (especially by cattle) is an example of such a process. Ruminants are animals that have multi-chambered stomachs that rely on bacteria to break down plant-based food. During the process, the greenhouse gas methane is released in their digestive system, which the cows then release into the atmosphere. A mature cow can release up to 250 - 500 litters of methane into the atmosphere in one day. [26] These emissions represent 14.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions. [27]
\nAnother example of the release of atmospheric pollutants as a result of biological processes is the release of volatile organic compounds from certain plants. In some regions of the world, plant species such as black gum, poplar, oak and willow emit significant amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during warmer days. They react with primary anthropogenic pollutants\u2014particularly nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, and carbon compounds\u2014to produce low-lying seasonal fogs that are rich in ozone. [28]<\/span><\/p>\n"},"library":"H5P.AdvancedText 1.1","metadata":{"contentType":"Text","license":"U","title":"Untitled Text"},"subContentId":"0655e852-6f06-404d-b475-9b78e29cc9c8"},"useSeparator":"auto"},{"content":{"params":{"visuals":{"fit":true,"controls":true},"playback":{"autoplay":false,"loop":false},"l10n":{"name":"Video","loading":"Video player loading...","noPlayers":"Found no video players that supports the given video format.","noSources":"Video is missing sources.","aborted":"Media playback has been aborted.","networkFailure":"Network failure.","cannotDecode":"Unable to decode media.","formatNotSupported":"Video format not supported.","mediaEncrypted":"Media encrypted.","unknownError":"Unknown error.","invalidYtId":"Invalid YouTube ID.","unknownYtId":"Unable to find video with the given YouTube ID.","restrictedYt":"The owner of this video does not allow it to be embedded."},"sources":[{"path":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Md2M2SKExmI","mime":"video\/YouTube","copyright":{"license":"U"}}]},"library":"H5P.Video 1.6","metadata":{"contentType":"Video","license":"U","title":"Untitled Video"},"subContentId":"ce7bf74f-ee40-4ef8-b133-7839625be84d"},"useSeparator":"auto"}]}

UNIT 2: Human and natural causes of gas emissions

UNIT 2: Human and natural causes of gas emissions